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What is cancer

What is cancer?

What is cancer? Our bodies are made up of trillions of cells. Usually, every cell has a certain function in the body. Cancer is caused by cells that no longer work properly. Uncontrolled cell growth can crowd out other cells and become a tumour (Fig. 1). Fig. 1: Cancer cells crowding out healthy cells. Types of

EAU21 Controversies in Bladder Cancer 2021: Rapid-fire debates

EAU21 Advanced bladder cancer in 2021: Going forward?

EAU21 Kidney cancer – Patient Information Session

EAU21 Bladder cancer – Patient Information Session

Prostate Cancer Patient Guide (Prostate Cancer Foundation)

EAU21 Plenary session 04 – Renal cancer: from localised to metastatic disease

Cost and value of surgery for kidney cancer patients in the USA

Joint Letter on COVID-19 and Cancer

EU Beating Cancer Plan

How to manage cancer at work – ECL Cancer at Work Handbook

Study Mentall Illness and Bladder Cancer Patients

Full text Living with Prostate Cancer and ADT

Full text Hypertension and Cardiovascular Morbidity Following Surgery for Kidney Cancer

Patient Summary full text Patient-Centered Approach to Develop the Patient’s Preferences for Prostate Cancer Care (PreProCare) Tool

Patient Summary Kidney Cancer Newsletter October 2020

Patient Summary full text Patient Function and the Value of Surgical Care for Kidney Cancer

FAQs on COVID-19 and Kidney Cancer

On this page you will find FAQs about COVID-19 and Kidney Cancer. Find more FAQs on our page FAQs about COVID-19. 1 Q: What are some of the renal complications that might arise as a result of COVID-19 infection? A: In most patients COVID-19 infection is minor, but in those admitted to hospital there is

FAQs on COVID-19 and Prostate Cancer

On this page you will find FAQs about COVID-19 and Prostate Cancer. Find more FAQs on our page FAQs about COVID-19. 1 Q: I am participating in a clinical trial for prostate cancer, what should I know? A: A good place to start is visiting your cancer centre or healthcare professionals’ website. Be mindful of

FAQs on COVID-19 and Bladder Cancer

On this page you will find FAQs about COVID-19 and Bladder Cancer. Find more FAQs on our page FAQs about COVID-19. 1 Q: What can I do, as a caregiver, to help my loved one who has bladder cancer? A: Here are some active ways to help your loved ones: Remind them of the basic

Immunotherapy in Kidney Cancer

Cancers

Urologic cancers are a collection of diseases related to the genitourinary system of both men and women. These diseases are caused by cells that no longer work properly. These abnormal cells grow uncontrolled in the body. Read more about what cancer is on the page 'What is cancer?'. On this website you will find reliable

Penis cancer

What is penis cancer? Cancer is abnormal cell growth in the skin or organ tissue. When this cell growth starts in the penis, it is called penis cancer or penile cancer. Penis cancer is rare and affects less than 1% of men in Europe. It is more common in men older than age 40, but

Urachal cancer

What is the urachus? The urachus is a tube-like structure that forms in a developing embryo. It connects the umbilical cord to the urinary bladder before birth. After birth, the urachus usually shrinks into a small ligament. However, traces of the urachus (called urachal residues) can be detected in up to one-third of adults. Urachal

Testicular cancer

What is testicular cancer? The testicles (also called the “testes”) are part of the male reproductive system (Fig. 1). They are found in the scrotum—the pouch of skin that hangs below the penis. The testicles make testosterone and sperm. Testicular cancer is a growth called a tumour that starts in the testicle (Fig. 2) and

Prostate cancer

What is prostate cancer? Prostate cancer is a malignant tumour in the prostate. Your treatment and experience will depend on a variety of factors including the specific characteristics of the tumour, your general health, your personal preferences and the advice of your medical team. The sections in this series provide general information about prostate cancer, diagnosis,

Primary urethral cancer

What is primary urethral cancer? You have been diagnosed with primary urethral cancer. This means you have a cancerous growth (malignant tumour) in your urethra. The urethra carries urine out of the body from the bladder, also known as urinary bladder. In men, the urethra runs through the prostate and the penis (Fig. 1). In women,

Kidney cancer

What is kidney cancer? Kidney cancer is a malignant cell growth (a tumour) in the kidneys. Its medical name is renal cell carcinoma. A tumour in the kidney can also be benign (non-cancerous). Kidney cancer is a general term. There are many variations of tumours in the kidney and stages of the disease. Your treatment and

Bladder cancer

What is bladder cancer? [glossary_exclude]Bladder[/glossary_exclude] cancer is the growth of abnormal tissue (tumour) in the bladder. There are several stages of bladder cancer. Your treatment and experience will depend on the specific characteristics of the tumour (referred to as “staging” the tumour) and the expertise of your medical team. This section provides general information about

Surgery for urachal cancer

Tumour removal Surgery is recommended to remove a urachal cancer tumour that has not spread to other tissues or organs. The tumour will be removed along with surrounding tissue in the abdomen, the navel, and the top of the bladder to make sure no cancer cells remain. In rare cases, some or all of the

European Code Against Cancer

12 ways to reduce your cancer risk The European Code Against Cancer (ECAC) is an initiative of the European Commission, developed by the World Health Organization’s International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). The ECAC aims to inform people about actions they can take for themselves or their families to reduce their risk of cancer.

Treatment of penis cancer

This section offers general information. Your specific treatment will be recommended by your doctor based on your individual needs. Individual recommendations may depend on your country and health care system. The treatment you have will depend on: what you prefer what your doctor thinks is best for your type of cancer which treatments are available

Bladder cancer

An improved approach to prostate cancer

Europa Uomo chairman André Deschamps sets out the need for an improved approach to prostate cancer diagnosis and treatment. 30 million men in Europe are confronted with a diagnosis of prostate cancer in their lifetime. Each year 75,000 men die from prostate cancer. A questionnaire amongst our members in 24 European states showed that: Less

Cancer survivorship

Cancer survivorship has traditionally received little prioritisation and attention. For a long time, the treatment of cancer has been the main focus of healthcare providers’ efforts. It is time to increase the amount of attention given to patients’ long-term well-being and their ability to return to a productive and good life. This article describes the

Treatment of locally advanced primary urethral cancer

Preoperative chemotherapy Different types of urethral cancer are treated differently. Some urethral cancer, called urothelial carcinoma, specifically affects urothelial cells. Chemotherapy followed by surgery is critical to remove urothelial carcinoma. Chemotherapy that contains platinum (eg, cisplatin, carboplatin) is most effective against urethral cancer. Chemotherapy combinations like MVAC (which uses the drugs methotrexate, vinblastine, Adriamycin [doxorubicin],

Treatment for women with localised urethral cancer

Primary radical urethrectomy Your doctor will recommend complete removal of the urethra (urethrectomy), including part of the bladder and the surrounding tissue to ensure the highest chance of cure. Usually, the bladder neck is closed during the procedure, and a new way to store and regulate the flow of urine is created (urinary diversion). Urethra-sparing

Treatment of primary urethral cancer

Localised urethral cancer Localised primary urethral cancer is confined to the urethra. Treatment for men and women differs. Your doctor will recommend a treatment that aims to remove all cancer and preserve your quality of life. To do this, the location of the tumour is important. Treatment for men localised urethral cancer Treatment for women

Treatment for men with localised urethral cancer

Partial urethrectomy Partial urethrectomy: If your cancer is limited to the part of the urethra nearest the opening, but still close to the tip, partial removal of the urethra (urethrectomy) with penile preservation may be the best option. Your doctor might also recommend removal of enlarged lymph nodes to rule out metastasis. The main goal

Urachal cancer

Testicular cancer

Radiation therapy castration-resistant prostate cancer

Castration-resistant prostate cancer can be managed with radiation therapy. The radiation damages and kills cancer cells. The treatment will help to relieve pain and may allow you to live longer. Common side effects are a burning sensation when you urinate, urinary frequency, and anal irritation.

Chemotherapy castration-resistant prostate cancer

Chemotherapy with docetaxel Chemotherapy is a type of cancer treatment that uses chemicals to destroy cancer cells. Chemotherapy drugs can be injected into the bloodstream to attack cells throughout the body. They can also be applied directly to the tumour. Your doctor may recommend the chemotherapy docetaxel to manage castration-resistant prostate cancer. The drug relieves

Immunotherapy castration-resistant prostate cancer

Immunotherapy is a type of treatment that uses your own immune system to fight the tumour cells. In prostate cancer the drug Sipuleucel-T is used as immunotherapy. Because your own blood is used to prepare the drug, you need to get blood drawn before the procedure. Immunotherapy is administered through an IV, in an outpatient

Treatment of urachal cancer

Urachal cancer is often diagnosed at later stages. Based on your disease stage and predicted outcomes, recommended treatment may include: Surgery Chemotherapy Palliative care Recommended treatment and predicted outcomes will be based on your cancer stage. The planned treatment approach should be discussed by a multidisciplinary tumour board. This board is made up of practitioners

Treatment of testicular cancer

Testicular cancer is usually treated with surgery. The testicle must be removed (orchiectomy) to remove the cancer (Fig. 1). The tissue may be examined during surgery to confirm the diagnosis and stage. Additional surgery, drug treatment (chemotherapy), or radiation therapy also may be needed. Fig. 1: Orchiectomy—incision in the groin area. Surgery to remove the

Hormonal therapy in metastatic prostate cancer

Hormonal therapy is a treatment option for metastatic prostate cancer. It aims to slow down the growth of the tumours. The growth of prostate cancer cells is dependent on male sex hormones called androgens. Testosterone is the most important androgen. Androgens are mainly produced in the testicles. Hormonal therapy either stops the production of androgens,

Drug treatment for metastatic kidney cancer

Drug treatment is a common option for metastatic kidney cancer. There are several types of treatment: Antiangiogenic therapy, commonly described as targeted therapy Immunotherapy Chemotherapy, in combination with immunotherapy These drugs influence the mechanisms that tumours use to grow. All decisions about the right therapy for you are taken after careful consideration of your general

Treatment of metastatic kidney cancer

Kidney tumours can spread to other organs or distant lymph nodes. This is called metastatic disease. In metastatic disease, the kidney tumour is referred to as the primary tumour and the tumours in other organs are called metastases. Your doctor may recommend to treat metastatic disease with surgery, usually in combination with antiangiogenic therapy, also

Treatment of locally-advanced kidney cancer

What is locally-advanced kidney cancer? Locally-advanced kidney cancer refers to a tumour which has spread to or beyond the blood vessels, tissue, organs, or lymph nodes surrounding the kidney. It may be a stage III or IV tumour, depending on how far outside the kidney the tumour has spread. If you are diagnosed with locally-advanced

Treatment of localised kidney cancer

What is localised kidney cancer? Localised kidney cancer refers to a tumour which is limited to the kidney and has not extended to other parts of your body. It may be a stage I or II tumour, depending on its size (Fig 1 and 2). If you are diagnosed with localised kidney cancer, your doctor

Active surveillance kidney cancer

Active surveillance is a form of treatment for localised kidney cancer in which the doctor actively monitors the tumour. It is recommended if surgery is not the best option for you and you have a tumour in your kidney which is smaller than 4 cm. Some of the reasons why your doctor may say you

Treatment of recurrent prostate cancer

It is possible that prostate cancer comes back after you have been treated. This is known as recurrence. The cancer may come back in the prostate, in tissue around the prostate or pelvic lymph nodes, or in other parts of the body. The follow-up treatment pathway depends on where the cancer is. Your doctor will

Treatment of castration-resistant prostate cancer

What is castration-resistant prostate cancer? Castration-resistant prostate cancer is a type of prostate cancer that usually develops during treatment for metastatic disease. Hormonal therapy either stops the production or blocks the action of androgens. This is known as castration. When effective, hormonal therapy stops the growth of the tumour. This effect will not last and

Treatment of metastatic prostate cancer

What is metastatic disease? Prostate cancer can spread to other organs or lymph nodes outside the pelvic area. This is called metastatic disease. The tumours in other organs or lymph nodes are called metastases. Your doctor may recommend treating metastatic disease with hormonal therapy. It is important to realise that metastatic disease cannot be cured.

Treatment of locally-advanced prostate cancer

What is locally-advanced prostate cancer? Locally-advanced prostate cancer refers to a tumour which has spread outside of the prostate. It may be a T3 or T4 tumour, depending on where and how far outside of the prostate it has grown. T3 means that the tumour has grown just outside the prostate or to the seminal

Treatment of localised prostate cancer

What is localised prostate cancer? Localised prostate cancer refers to a tumour which is limited to the prostate and has not extended to other parts of your body. It may be a T1 or T2 tumour, depending on its size and where it is located in the prostate. T1 means that the tumour is too

Treatment of recurrent bladder cancer

Local recurrence Local recurrence takes place in the soft tissue where the bladder has been before removal or at the site of the lymph nodes that were removed. This is due to the fact that even after removal of the local pelvic lymph nodes, some nodes are left in place. Most local recurrences appear within

Treatment of metastatic bladder cancer

Prognostic factors and treatment decisions If your bladder cancer has spread to another body organ (Fig. 1), treatment is unlikely to cure you. Treatment options are limited to controlling the spread of disease (metastasis) and reducing symptoms. Fig. 1: Metastatic spread. Treatment options for metastatic bladder cancer Chemotherapy In 90-95% of bladder cancer cases the

Treatment of muscle-invasive bladder cancer

What is muscle-invasive bladder cancer? About a quarter of patients diagnosed with bladder cancer have a muscle-invasive form that has grown into the muscular part of the bladder wall (stages T2–T4). This type of cancer has a higher chance of spreading to other parts of the body (metastatic) and needs a different and more radical

Treatment of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer

What is non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer? Non–muscle-invasive bladder cancer, also called superficial bladder cancer, is a superficial cancer that has not grown into deeper layers of the bladder wall (Fig. 1). There are three subtypes based on how they grow: Stage Ta tumours are confined to the bladder lining. Stage T1 tumours have invaded the connective

Side effects of cancer drugs

The side effects you might have vary from person to person and depend on the cancer drugs you are taking. Side effects can happen as a direct result of medical treatment. All drugs used to treat cancer cause side effects. It can be easy to confuse drug side effects with symptoms of cancer. Symptoms happen

Coping with cancer

What is the impact of cancer on my life? Getting diagnosed with cancer has a great impact on your life and the lives of your loved ones. It can cause feelings of anxiety, uncertainty, fear, or even depression. Undergoing treatment for cancer is intense and will affect your work and social life. You may worry about

Urine biomarkers for bladder cancer

What is a biomarker? Biomarkers are substances that doctors can measure in the body to help them tell if a patient has a disease, how a disease is developing or if a treatment is working. Urine biomarker tests for bladder cancer Early detection of bladder cancer can improve the chance of successful treatment. Therefore, doctors

Prostate cancer

Primary urethral cancer

Penis cancer

Kidney cancer

Testicular cancer

A growth called a tumour that starts in the testicle and can spread throughout the body.

Advanced cancer

A tumour that grows into deeper layers of tissue, adjacent organs, or surrounding muscles.

Superficial cancer

A tumour that grows on the tissue surface without growing into deeper layers or adjacent organs. This type of cancer represents an early stage.

Secondary cancer

A tumour that grows from the metastasized cells of primary cancer.

Primary urethral cancer

A malignant tumour in the urethra.

Primary cancer

The first type of cancer to develop, the cancer of origin.

Localized cancer

Cancer that remains in the location where it started.

Cancer

Abnormal cell growth in the skin or organ tissue.

Urinary tract cancer

Bladder, kidney and urethral cancer.

Localized kidney cancer

A kidney cancer where the tumour is limited to the kidney and has not spread.

Localized prostate cancer

A prostate cancer where the tumour is limited to the prostate and has not spread.

Locally-advanced kidney cancer

A cancer where the tumour has grown out of the kidneys into surrounding tissue and invaded veins, the adrenal gland, or lymph nodes.

Locally-advanced prostate cancer

A prostate cancer where the tumour has spread outside of the prostate and into surrounding tissue.

Castration-resistant prostate cancer

A type of prostate cancer that needs lower levels of androgens to continue to grow.

Programme schedule

Programme schedule EAU Patient Day Friday, 9 July 2021, 10:00 - 19:00 10:00 - 11:00 EAU Poster Session: Patient Engagement 11:30 - 12:30 Prostate Cancer Session 12:30 - 13:30 Bladder Cancer Session 13:30 - 14:30 Kidney Cancer Session 14:30 - 15:30 Life After Cancer Treatment Session 15:30 - 16:30 Functional Urology Session 16:30 - 17:40

ADT – Androgen Deprivation Therapy

What is androgen deprivation therapy? Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is a treatment option for locally-advanced prostate cancer. It aims to stop the growth of the tumour. The growth of prostate cancer cells is dependent on male sex hormones called androgens. Testosterone is the most important androgen. Androgens are mainly produced in the testicles. Hormonal therapy

EAU21 Virtual Congress – PI Advisory Board

The Patient Information (PI) Advisory Board consists of patient group representatives who are also members of the EAU Patient Advocacy Group. This Board is responsible for developing the EAU Patient Track as well as the selection of Patient Poster Abstracts. Antonella Cardone (European Cancer Patient Coalition) Ernst-Günther Carl (Europa Uomo) John Dowling (Europa Uomo) Rachel Giles (International

ADT Educational Programme

The European Androgen Deprivation Therapy (ADT) Educational Programme The programme will be presented at the Patient Information Prostate Cancer Session, Friday 9 July, 11:30 – 12:30, Virtual Room 10. About the Programme The ADT Educational Programme helps prostate cancer patients manage the side effects of ADT through an interactive programme built around the book Androgen

EAU Patient Poster Session

EAU Patient Poster Session at the 36th Annual EAU Congress (EAU21 Virtual Congress) Some might say there is a patient-physician disconnect when discussing urological care. Studies have shown that there is often a gap between what the physician recommends, based on scientific evidence combined with experience, and what patients prefer in terms of outcome, side

Newsletters

Bladder Cancer Newsletters Kidney Cancer Newsletters Prostate Cancer Newsletters 2021: March 2021: May January 2021: April February 2020: December September June 2020: October July 2020: November August May

Robotic surgery in urology

Surgery remains a safe and reliable option for the treatment of urological diseases. In surgery, two different methods are used: Invasive surgery, also known as traditional or open surgery, is when the surgeon uses a scalpel to make a single large cut (or incision). The surgeon can clearly see the area for the operation and

EAU21 Virtual Congress – Patient Day

36th Annual EAU Congress (virtual edition), 8-12 July 2021 EAU21 Patient Day - Friday 9 July 2021 Welcome to the page of EAU21 Patient Day! 2020 was an exceptionally challenging year for all of us, transitioning into the new normal with our fair share of virtual meetings, face mask wearing and social distancing. The EAU

Robot-Assisted Partial Nephrectomy (RAPN) video

This animation shows how a robot-assisted partical nephrectomy (RAPN) is performed. Partial nephrectomy is used to treat kidney cancer that has not spread to other tissue. It is recommended whenever possible. The aim is to remove the part of the kidney with abnormally growing cells (tumour) but to leave as much as possible of the

FAQs on COVID-19: Miscellaneous questions

On this page you will find FAQs about COVID-19 and miscellaneous matters. Find more FAQs on our page FAQs about COVID-19. 1 Q: Can I successfully continue my treatments during COVID-19 or can I safely delay some regularly scheduled treatments? A: Depending on the stage of your cancer, you may be able to safely delay

Meet our team of experts

Our multidisclipinary team of experts is in place to find the best answers to your COVID-19 urology-related questions. We want to express our gratitude to them for donating their time and making this important project possible. We will share the Q&As on our FAQs page that will be continually updated as our medical experts find

FAQs about COVID-19

Meet our team of experts Watch our video about telemedicine On this page you will find frequently asked questions about the Coronavirus COVID-19. Please take into account that local rules and measures may vary per country, region and hospital. All answers and interpretation of answers are very dependent on the country or region you live

Coronavirus COVID-19

On this page, you can find links to other reliable websites and general information about the Coronavirus COVID-19. Please take into account that local rules and measures may vary per country and per hospital. FAQs page: COVID-19 urology-related questions COVID-19 Resources for urologists A systematic review on COVID-19 and its potential urological manifestations ESMO -

Patient Advocacy

Introduction Looking beyond the scientific and educational needs of healthcare professionals (HCPs), it is EAU’s aim to play a more important role with regards to strengthening patient advocacy. This is accomplished by taking a variety of proactive steps to work together with patient advocate groups. Foundational elements of the EAU’s aim are recognising and cultivating

Anxiety and Depression

It’s common for people to experience anxiety or depression due to prostate cancer; and it’s not confined to only the man with the disease. Prostate cancer can have a negative psychological impact on the caregiver/wife or partner of the man with prostate cancer, as well as his family members and close friends. A cancer diagnosis

Side effects of treatments

Side effects of treatments Coping with hair loss and thinning Sexual side effects of RPLND Side effects of cancer drugs Side effects of hormone therapy in men Side effects of hormone therapy in women Side effects of radiotherapy

News items

Get the Most From Your Doctor's Visit Cancer survivorship An improved approach to prostate cancer Anxiety and Depression Sexual health European Code Against Cancer PRESS RELEASE: Alarmingly Low Awareness of Urology Across Europe Newsletters

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